Figure 1 · Territorial control over time

Who controlled the disputed districts

Nine contested regions, eight epochs from Gulistan (1813) to the post-2023 settlement. Each row is a region; each column an epoch. Cell colour shows the controlling power. Reads left-to-right as a sovereignty trajectory, top-to-bottom as a comparison across regions.

1813
Treaty of Gulistan
1828
Treaty of Turkmenchay
1878
Treaty of Berlin
1920
First Republics (briefly)
1923
Soviet settlement (NKAO formed)
1994
Bishkek ceasefire
2020
Second Karabakh War
2024
September 2023 operation and exodus
Nagorno-Karabakh (mountainous core, former NKAO)
Lachin Corridor
Kelbajar district
Agdam, Fuzuli, Jabrayil, Qubadli, Zangilan (six districts)
Nakhichevan
Zangezur (Syunik)
Eastern Armenia (acquired by Russia 1828)
Kars oblast (Russian 1878–1918, Turkish post-1921)
Wilsonian Armenia (Sèvres 1920, never realised)
Armenia / Armenian SSR Armenian (1st Republic / -controlled) Azerbaijan / Azerbaijan SSR Azerbaijan (1st Republic) Russia / Russian peacekeepers Soviet Union Ottoman Empire / Turkey Qajar Persia Contested
Figure 2 · Massacres, pogroms, displacements

Where the violence happened

Each pin is an event. Size scales with the casualty count (range midpoint). Atrocities are highlighted; non-atrocity events (battles, captures, ceasefires) are shown more quietly. Use the year range to focus on an era.

1813 2026 108 of 109 events
1820184018601880190019201940196019802000202018132026
Atrocity (massacre, pogrom, blockade, displacement) Battle, treaty, vote, ruling Pin size scales with casualty count
Figure 3 · Heritage destruction

Cultural and religious heritage

Both peoples' heritage. Diamond colour shows the current state. Filter by whose heritage to compare.

Destroyed / looted Damaged / altered / reattributed / neglected Intact / rebuilt
Figure 4 · Demographic snapshot

Who lived where

Circles at major places. Colour shows the majority ethnicity at the selected year (latest snapshot at or before that year). Size scales with population. Click a circle for the full breakdown.

Armenian majority Azerbaijani majority Russian majority Greek majority Circle area scales with total population (where known)

Base tiles: © OpenStreetMap & © CARTO. Boundary lines on the basemap are present-day. Figure 1 cells are sovereignty / de facto control as recorded in the atlas's territorial dataset; the granular within-region detail (e.g. parts of NK changing hands inside a single year of war) is not represented at this scale.