Russian human-rights organisation founded by dissidents in the late Gorbachev period. Documented Soviet repression and post-Soviet conflict. Memorial's March 1992 field investigation at Khojaly, conducted with access to bodies and survivors, produced the most-cited civilian-toll documentation of the First Karabakh War (≥161 confirmed dead). Liquidated by Russian court order in December 2021–January 2022 amid the Putin-era closing of independent Russian civil society; archives largely preserved abroad.

YearEventRole
1992Khojaly massacreprimary documenter (March 1992 field investigation)
  1. Memorial Human Rights Center, Report on the Mass Violations of Human Rights in Khojaly, 1992