Sources · treaty · primary-source
Fourth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1949)
High Contracting Parties to the Geneva Conventions, 1949 · International Committee of the Red Cross (depositary: Switzerland)
Notes
Article 33 prohibits collective penalties: "No protected person may be punished for an offence he or she has not personally committed. Collective penalties and likewise all measures of intimidation or of terrorism are prohibited." Cited in international-humanitarian-law analyses of the 2023 Karabakh exodus.
Inline citations (2)
Every paragraph across the atlas where this source is cited inline. Each card groups all citations on a single page; the quoted text is the claim that rests on this source.
Event Khojaly massacre 2 cites - The 25-26 February 1992 killings occurred during an international armed conflict between independent Armenia and Azerbaijan; the Fourth Geneva Convention, its Additional Protocols, and customary IHL applied at the time.
- The deliberate killing of civilians hors de combat, the killing of those fleeing along an announced corridor, and the close-range targeting of unarmed civilians are war crimes under customary IHL in force in 1992, subsequently codified in Rome Statute Article 8 when the ICC came into force in 2002.