The trip crystallised the contradiction at the heart of Italian Caucasus policy: support for Armenia in EU-aligned diplomacy alongside an expanding strategic partnership with the Aliyev regime that had ethnically cleansed Nagorno-Karabakh in 2023 and remained under European Parliament criticism. Italian state messaging framed the Baku visit as energy-security cooperation; Italian Armenian-community organisations and Armenian-allied EP deputies framed it as a substitution of one sanctioned authoritarian gas supplier (Russia) with another, unsanctioned one. editorial

  1. Politico Europe (compiled coverage), Meloni in Baku: Italy deepens energy partnership with Azerbaijan, 2024