Armenia §

Small state after genocide and defeat

Modern Armenia is the eastern remnant of a much larger Armenian historical geography. The First Republic of Armenia in 1918 inherited refugees, famine, Ottoman invasion, border wars and the impossible burden of representing both eastern Armenians and survivors from Ottoman Armenia. Soviet Armenia then became the territorial core around which the twentieth-century nation rebuilt, especially through Yerevan, industrialisation and genocide memory.

Since 1991 Armenia has been both a recognised state and a state overshadowed by unresolved national claims. Its victory with Karabakh Armenians in the First Karabakh War produced a security order dependent on control of territories internationally recognised as Azerbaijani. That order gave Armenians depth and leverage, but it also isolated Armenia economically through the closed Turkish border and the unresolved conflict with Azerbaijan. contested

The 2020 war and the 2023 exodus transformed Armenia's strategic position. It lost the Armenian-controlled Karabakh project, received more than 100,000 displaced Armenians, and now faces direct pressure on its recognised borders, especially in Syunik and Tavush. The Pashinyan government's current line, accepting Soviet-era borders while promoting Crossroads of Peace, is an attempt to trade maximal national claims for state survival and regional opening. Whether that is realism or retreat is the central Armenian political argument after 2020. contested