Awakening & Atrocity §

The Hamidian massacres, the 1905 Caucasian violence, and the Armenian Genocide of 1915.

The collapse of imperial multi-ethnic order. The Hamidian massacres of 1894-96 in the Ottoman Empire foreshadowed; the 1905 Caucasian Armenian-Tatar violence in the Russian Empire opened; the 1915 Armenian Genocide of the Anatolian heartland and the parallel Sayfo against Assyrians constituted the central catastrophe of the modern Armenian experience. The Russian Empire collapsed in 1917; the Ottoman Empire effectively followed in 1918.